Classical Conditioning Theories And Its Uses In An Educational Setting

Old style Conditioning Theories And Its Uses In An Educational Setting In this paper, we will depict traditional and operant molding hypotheses and its uses in an instructive or work setting. It will start with contrasts among old style and operant molding, trailed by explicit models and applications for each formative level (early stages, youth, center youth, youthfulness, or youth). A conversation on the utilization of remunerations from a philosophical and down to earth perspective will follow with various formative and learning speculations that can be applied in an instructive or work setting. At last, a short rundown of definitions and terms of the hypothesis, examining explicit models, advantages, and difficulties while actualizing this hypothesis. Old style and Operant Conditioning As indicated by Pavlov, learning starts with an improvement reaction which is traditional molding (p.47). Learning ought to mirror an adjustment in conduct. The improvement and reaction noted inside the working setting may not see an adjustment in conduct. The traditional conditionings in the work setting include: A client care delegate in a call community gets call quality scores by means of email. The client delegate encounters nervousness each time the score(s) are given. The departmental potlucks make an environment of food and fun. The departmental assistance level endures on the grounds that the client assistance delegates are not clinging to planned breaks and snacks. The crisis room gets the diagrams every day. As the finish of the schedule month moves toward extra time is required to finish all work got. In operant molding, learning happens due to prizes and discipline. Rice demonstrated, Satisfying results realize changes in conduct (2001). Operant molding is regularly utilized in the instructive or work setting. Their dad gives them a Mastercard toward the finish of their first year in school since they did so well. Therefore, their evaluations keep on improving in their subsequent year. A teacher has a strategy of absolving understudies from the last test of the year on the off chance that they keep up ideal participation during the quarter. The teachers strategy indicated an emotional increment in his understudies participation. Client support agents endeavor every day to meet the quarterly motivation. The adherences to break and lunch plans are authorized. Instances of operant and old style molding are predominant in the regular day to day existences of numerous and are found in the instructive condition. A case of operant molding during the outset stage happens when a parental figure is successful in consoling a crying baby, the newborn child quits crying. The evacuation of the disagreeable crying strengthens the parental figures soothing method. The parental figure is well-suited to apply a similar strategy for ameliorating whenever he cries. For instance of old style molding during the early stages stage happens when a child bottle is embedded in the babies mouth. This draws out a reflexive unlearned reaction of sucking. The newborn child can build up a molded to the infant bottle; the sucking happens when the baby sees an infant bottle. The accompanying will give instances of operant molding and traditional molding during the youth stage in an instructive situation. For instance of operant molding during the youth stage, when an understudy lifts their hand and holds back to be approached to get something great as a prize. The prizes come in numerous structures for instance a prize is the understudy accepting a commendation or a bit of sweets for their great conduct. Another case of old style molding during the youth stage is, the point at which an understudy considers a cohort a wrong name. The educator may call the understudy with the improper conduct aside and censure the person in question. The instructor would have that understudy take a break or compose sentences as of why the individual in question ought not play out the activity of calling the other understudy improper names (Tuckman, 2010). The accompanying will give instances of operant molding and traditional molding during the center youth stage in an instructive domain. For instance of old style molding during the center youth stage, when an understudy who only from time to time connects with different understudies is urged to connect with others, is given acclaim by the instructor. For instance of old style molding during the center youth stage, an understudy has a dread of test taking. Before, the understudy has consistently performed inadequately when stepping through an exam. The instructor knows the understudy knows the material. The educator could work with the understudy by giving the person in question arrangement of tests the understudy could pass. The instructor would give positive input to the understudy to fortify the passing mark. The understudy would relate the test taking with positive input, and afterward the understudy would no longer have a dread of stepping through examination. The accompanying will give instances of operant molding and old style molding during the puberty stage in an instructive domain. For instance of operant molding during the immaturity stage, when a better than expected kid is accepting a normal evaluation a parent could utilize money related prizes on the off chance that the person gets As in school nonetheless, if the kid gets an unfortunate evaluation, the youngster would pay the parent as a methods for discipline. During the pre-adulthood stage, understudies appreciate working in bunches on assignments and activities. For instance of traditional molding during the youthfulness stage, the educator encourages the understudies to work with the accomplice of decision if the class shows suitable practices until that point in the exercise. In the event that the class isn't respectful, the class doesn't get the chance to work in gatherings. On the off chance that the class surpasses the instructors desires for proper conduct, the class is permitted to work in gatherings. The understudies conduct gives a positive reaction, which is a steady response to the classes activities. Prizes Throughout the years discipline and rewards have been utilized to control conduct. The worry is that cash, high evaluations, and even acclaims might be successful in a people execution, yet execution and premium can just stay steady as long as the prize is persistent. Prizes and disciplines are methods of controlling conduct. These two techniques are utilized in our instructive condition. These techniques are stating to the kid, in the event that the person in question does this, we will give the person in question this, and on the off chance that the individual in question does that, we will remove this. The inquiry that emerges is as educators are we utilizing these techniques properly and is our youngsters profiting by the strategies as a hold. What is the motivation behind discipline? The reason for discipline is to diminish certain reactions. There are two kinds of disciplines. Discipline I speaks to an appearance of a terrible improvement, and discipline II evacuates the horrendous upgrade. Discipline can be powerful by prompt thinking, or rare thinking. The motivation behind a prize is to tell the understudy that the person has made a great showing. The prize is utilized to build the understudies capacity to perform better or accomplish more since their presentation is as of now at or above level. This prize can cause an understudies want to fall flat in their capacity, and become unengaged in light of the fact that the individual in question has just arrived at their degree of accomplishment. The motivation behind fortifies is to increment wanted reactions and practices. We utilize these fortifies to get a positive or negative reaction. The point of convergence isn't mainly on remunerations and discipline. It is to make a climate that expands inspiration. Learning Theory There is nobody ideal choice in building up a technique or hypothesis of what might best to utilized in a study hall or work environment setting. The human psyche has been read for a huge number of years, and there isn't one examination that can be imitated precisely with regards to human reasoning. The study hall is set up dependent on the instructors encounters just as instructive information. Beginning with the learning center model, the homeroom is set up in the accompanying manner to improve the learning condition. 1) Self-Regulated understudies are understudies who create objectives, screen objectives, practice met cognizance, and utilize viable procedures. 2) Teacher Characteristics is communicated in close to home showing adequacy, displaying and excitement, mindful just as an inspirational desire for the understudies capacities. Advancing understudies inspiration in the homeroom includes instructional factors, instructional center, personalization, association, and input. In contrasting Piaget and Vygotsky, Piaget saw connection essentially as an instrument for advancing absorption and convenience in people. Though, Vygotsky built up his thoughts dependent on learning and improvement, which emerges legitimately from social communications, which implies people psychological advancements are an immediate aftereffect of collaborations with others. The job of language is key to Vygotskys hypothesis, and it assumes three distinct jobs being developed (Eggen Kauchak, 2007, p.46). The main job is giving students access to information. Second, language furnishing the students with subjective devices that permits people to consider their environmental factors and resolve issues. The third job that language plays is helping the student with guideline and impression of their own reasoning. As per Vygotsky, learning happens when individuals obtain explicit getting, Thomas, 32(3), 656). In looking into the exploration of the three unique hypotheses of motivationbe havioral speculations humanistic hypotheses and subjective theoriesthe analyst needs to examine the improvement of the humanistic perspectives on Charles Maslows order of requirements. Taking a gander at Maslows two-advance procedures, the initial step is Deficiency needs, which incorporates endurance, wellbeing, having a place, and confidence. The subsequent advance, Growth needs, incorporates scholarly accomplishments, sedative gratefulness, and self-

Underlying Standard Deviation System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Talk about the Underlying Standard Deviation System. Answer: Presentation: The suburb 1 has been taken as New Town while the suburb 2 has been taken as Hurstville. An example information of 50 examples for the week by week lease has been gathered for both suburbia (Source: https://www.realestate.com.au/purchase ). The number of inhabitants in enthusiasm for each case would be all the leased lofts which are situated in the individual rural areas. From this populace, for the given undertaking, 50 examples have been arbitrarily chosen. Theory Testing Rent in New Town The goal is to decide based on the gathered example the board with regards to whether the normal week after week lease in New Town is more prominent than $ 450 or not. Since induction about the populace must be drawn utilizing test, consequently inferential measurements would be sent. The important theories for the given test are demonstrated beneath. Invalid Hypothesis (Ho): $450 for example the week by week lease of condo in New Town is not exactly or equivalent to $ 450 Substitute Hypothesis (H1): $450 for example the week after week lease of loft in New Town is more than $ 450 It is evident that the given theory test would be a correct tail test. Additionally, since the standard deviation of the week after week lease of the populace isn't known, consequently the proper test measurement to be utilized would be t and not z. Test mean = $ 661.7 Test standard deviation = $ 300.99 Test size = 50 Consequently, standard blunder = 300.99/50 = 42.57 Accordingly, t measurements = (661.7-450)/42.57 = 4.97 Degrees of opportunity = 50-1 = 49 For the above level of opportunity and t detail = 4.97, the comparing p esteem comes out as 0.00. Accepting a 5% hugeness level, it is reasonable for presume that invalid speculation would be dismissed as the particular p esteem is lower than the expected importance level. Thus, the elective speculation would be acknowledged which suggests that the week by week lease of lofts situated in New Town is higher than $ 450. Speculation Testing Comparison of Rents The goal is to decide based on the gathered example regarding whether the normal lease in suburb 1 (New Town) is more noteworthy than the normal lease in suburb 2(Hurstville). Since derivation about the populace must be drawn utilizing test, consequently inferential insights would be sent. The pertinent speculations for the given test are demonstrated underneath. Invalid Hypothesis (H0): New Town Hurstville Elective Hypothesis (H1): New Town Hurstville The fitting test to be sent t test for 2 autonomous examples as the basic standard deviation for the separate populace isn't known. The particular yield acquired from Excel is demonstrated beneath. The pertinent p worth would be one tail which is 0.0499. Accepting a 5% noteworthiness level, it is reasonable for presume that invalid speculation the executives would be dismissed as the separate p esteem is lower than the expected hugeness level. Thus, the elective theory would be acknowledged which infers that the week by week lease of condos situated in New Town is higher than the week after week lease of lofts situated in Hurstville. End In light of the gathered example week by week leases for condo for the two rural areas, it is reasonable for presume that the week after week lease for condos situated in New Town (Suburb 1) would be more noteworthy than $ 450. Additionally, it might be closed with 95% likelihood that week by week leases for condos in New Town are relatively higher than the comparing esteems in Hurstville.

The Importance of Weight Management free essay sample

The Important of Weight Management Written by: Nor Atikah Bt Ghazali The issue of stoutness among youngsters is developing concern. Comparable to this, you have gone to a wellbeing class about the significance of weight control sorted out by the Health Ministry. As the secretary of the Health Club, I have been approached to compose an article on the significance of weight the executives for the school magazine. There are numerous purposes behind weight, for instance is hereditary qualities. We can see that 40% individuals get weight perhaps from their folks genetics.The corpulence issue is hard to forestall, so they need be alluded to a wellbeing authority. In addition, the terrible dietary patterns is one reason stoutness. We should be mindful about the food that we eat. On the off chance that we take an inappropriate food, it might give awful impact to our body. The last explanations behind corpulence is absence of activity. We have to practice in any event three times each week. We will compose a custom article test on The Importance of Weight Management or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page We don't have to squander our cash to go to the rec center, we can do practice wherever, for example, running at the recreation center, etc. At times, we need to perspire to discharge terrible polluting influences in our body.There are numerous approaches to defeat the heftiness. Initially is eating a decent eating routine. Having a fair eating regimen is significant for our wellbeing. A decent eating routine methods eating the correct food in the right sum and follows the food pyramid. It implies that we ought to eat food in the correct extents. Our eating regimen should comprise principally of vegetables, minerals, proteins, sugars, and grains, for example, rice, wheat and corn items. Next, don't nibble between suppers. We realize that tidbits are not beneficial for our body.We need abstain from eating a lot of any nourishments that not offer sustenance to our body. The bites will bring an assortment of ailments, for example, kidney harm, weight, etc. Then again, don't skip suppers. We have to eat three times each day, for example, breakfast, lunch and supper. We have to take the perfect measure of food to stay away from muscle to fat ratio. Afterward, we have to practice routinely for our solid body. On the off chance that we are excessively occupied with the work, we should practice at any rate three times each week. We can do practice wherever, for example, in our home, running at the recreation center, etc. Now and then, we need to perspire to discharge terrible debasements in our body. We additionally need to counsel specialist or wellness master before joining a rec center to recognize the difficult we have. We have to comprehend what our concern with the goal that we can beat it. As a young person, we have to keep up our optimal weight. We should watch the our every day food that we take and maintain a strategic distance from the greasy and sleek food, for example, singed nourishments. They really are terrible and revealed our body to weight. At that point, we ought to likewise go for ordinary wellbeing checks despite the fact that we are excessively occupied. Since our wellbeing is a higher priority than everything. We need take care our body to live more. We should think emphatically regularly to stay away from the pressure. The pressure additionally will make wrinkles on our appearances and maturing rapidly than ordinary. We need set aside some effort to go to diversion or fascinating spots to alleviate our pressure. To wrap things up, we ought to be taught in our weight the executives. We should eat on schedule and take the nourishing food sources with the goal that they can create the correct things to our body. By eating appropriately, we will have a solid body.

A Comparison of Things Fall Apart and Julius Caesar Essays -- comparis

Looking at Things Fall Apart and Julius Caesar   â â Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe and Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare are two totally different books that are interrelated through their comparative subjects and characters. There are characters from the two stories that can associate with each other through their basic intentions and qualities. A large number of the primary topics and components of the narratives are comparable including a grievous consummation and subjects of selling out, respect, and struggle. In any case, there are contrasts between the characters and subjects from the two books also.  In Things self-destruct, Okonkwo would take after Caesar most on the grounds that they were the two men of high titles with accomplishment in war and fight. Okonkwo was an all around achieved warrior known for the numerous heads that he had cut off foes during innate clashes. Casesar was probably the best broad ever carrying Rome to its pinnacle tallness of intensity. The two men didn't fear demise however meet passing unexpectedly. Despite the fact that they were fundamentally the same as, Caesar was slaughtered by a death, while Okonkwo ends it all.  Mr. Kiaga, the interpreter and moderator for the Christian teacher can be coordinated most effectively to Antony. The two men had incredible speech aptitudes which they set out to really utilize. Kiaga utilized his aptitudes to change over and had won numerous proselytes to the new confidence. Antony utilized his rhetoric abilities to persuade the group at Caesar's burial service that Brutus and the schemers had slaughtered Caesar unfairly. The two men had extremely faithful characteristics. Antony was faithful to Caesar and needed to vindicate Caesar's passing. Mr Kiaga was faithful to the congregation and Mr Brown, the minister and leader of the evangelist. Despite the fact that they are comparative from multiple points of view, they have differe... ...advertisement done nothing at all and Brutus executed him since he accepted that the general would change into a domineering ruler. Caesar's desire could have annihilated Rome if not for the respectable activities of Brutus.  Despite the fact that these two books may appear to be totally different, they likewise share numerous likenesses. In spite of the fact that they are not related through their plots, they certainly share some significant topics and likeness of characters. Through these likenesses, two distinct stories in totally unique time allotments and areas can be united in numerous cases.  Works Cited:  Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. 1958. The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces, Expanded Edition, Vol. 1. Ed. Maynard Mack. London: Norton, 1995. Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. Ed. Alan Durband. London: Hutchinson and Co. Distributers Ltd., 1984.

Human Service Program and profession Unit 2 Project Research Paper

Human Service Program and calling Unit 2 Project - Research Paper Example The prerequisites of a senior specialist work are: four years of significant counseling or an open division state government counseling experience. The significance of experience is to guarantee that every customer gets proficient vital counsel on the most ideal approach to overcome their tests and meet their objective as the specialist completely comprehends the client’s needs. The senior specialist will be required to have two years introduction to driving groups. This guarantees the specialist knows about this field of work. The expert ought to be eager to go at practically whenever. This guarantees accessibility and adaptability of the specialist to the client’s needs. Advisor will likewise be expected to have 2 years involvement with business mapping, plan and procedure examination. This is on the grounds that every customer has their own one of a kind requests and along these lines the specialist should be innovative enough to suit the client’s needs. The l ast prerequisite will be 2 years of performing calculated and specialized structures. Recognition of the senior specialist to these plans will empower customers to get proficient assistance. My other activity is titled Integrated Eligibility (Health and Human Services) Manager. This activity involves the chief driving and conveying the customers commitment which recognize, plan, and apply imaginative innovation and business answers for greater organizations. The prerequisites of being a supervisor are: in any event 6 years industry and counseling experience. This is to guarantee that the supervisors forces legitimate critical thinking abilities and have the ability to make develop decisions. Great composed and oral relational abilities and introduction aptitudes are additionally required. This is on the grounds that they will be required to take an interest in data exercises and research proposition exercises. A Bachelor’s Degree in open strategy will be required. This is to guarantee there is the use of value measures in venture conveyance ancient rarities. Supervisors

Acute Massive Gastric Dilatation and Binge Eating

Acute Massive Gastric Dilatation and Binge Eating More in Eating Disorders Symptoms Treatment Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention Binge eatingâ€"or bingeingâ€"is defined as eating a large volume of food at one time and feeling as if you have no control over the amount of food you consume. Binge eating disorder is often diagnosed when bingeing occurs at least once a week for three months.?? Many people regard binge eating as a relatively benign eating disorder, especially in comparison to the severe food restriction of anorexia or purging seen with bulimia. And some even believe that isolated episodes of binge eating arent harmful. But these assumptions arent necessarily true. Among other health concerns, a rare consequence of bingeing can be acute massive gastric dilatation, a condition that causes extreme distention of the stomach. If not quickly managed, the condition can result in death. Its important to understand this condition to fully grasp the impact of disordered eating like bingeing. The Differences Between Binge Eating and Overeating Acute Massive Gastric Dilatation Defined To understand acute massive gastric dilatation, it may be helpful to define key terms related to the condition: Gastric dilatation means enlargement or ballooning of the stomachIschemia means lack of blood flowNecrosis means death of, as in the death of cellsPerforation means tear, generally in body tissues Sometimes, the stomach may become so large that it occupies an area of the abdomen from the diaphragm to the pelvis and from the left side of the body to the right side of the body. Acute massive gastric dilatation occurs when there is extreme distention or enlargement of the stomach. While the condition is rare, it is encountered in several different scenarios. It can be a postoperative complication after abdominal surgery and it is sometimes seen in patients with disorders including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, psychogenic polyphagia (extreme desire to eat), or trauma. The condition is dangerous because it can cause ischemia, necrosis, and perforation of the stomach. In most cases of acute massive gastric dilatation, surgery has been necessary to prevent or to treat the complications. Early diagnosis with prompt gastric decompression may avoid unnecessary surgery.?? Case Examples Though there is limited literature available, the case examples below illustrate the unexpected severity of acute massive gastric dilatation. In these examples, an episode of binge eating went wrong and triggered an urgent need for medical attention. Anorexia Nervosa A published case history provides details of a person with a history of anorexia nervosa.?? Study authors describe a 26-year-old female who came to the emergency department of Massachusetts General Hospital with symptoms that included abdominal pain and nausea. She had been unable to vomit for two hours. Her weight was in the low-normal BMI range and she was described as thin.   At first, she reported no significant abnormal eating preceding the onset of her pain. But she eventually disclosed a past history of anorexia nervosa, including bingeing and purging, which had occurred in her teens. She said she had gone four years without bingeing but then went on a one-hour binge preceding this presentation brought on by alcohol intoxication and stress. Medical intervention revealed that her gastric content included approximately two gallons of partially digested food. She was suffering from acute gastric dilatation with some necrosis â€" which can be fatal if not accurately and quickly diagnosed and treated. Stomach contents were surgically removed. The woman remained in the hospital for five days and had to maintain a liquid diet even after she was discharged. Eventually, she resumed a typical diet and has since reported no problems. However, if she had not come to the ER on the night of her binge eating episode, her outcome may have been dire. Study authors noted in their report that early surgical intervention is critical in preventing fatal complications.?? Bingeing and Excessive Exercise Another case report describes a 28-year-old female who came to the emergency room with sudden abdominal discomfort and pain. The cause of symptoms was not reported at the time of admission. Her weight was in the normal to low-normal BMI range. The woman was suffering from a massive dilatation of her stomach. She was admitted to the hospital and placed in intensive care. Medical evaluation revealed large amounts of undigested food that needed to be surgically removed. The patient eventually disclosed a history of an eating disorder since childhood. Binge episodes were often followed by compensatory behaviors including food restriction and excessive exercise. At the time of hospital admission, she had been experiencing daily binges (with purging) triggered by work stress. The woman was discharged 13 days after she first arrived at the hospital. She continued with psychiatric treatment that was initiated in the hospital. Authors of the report note that under similar conditions some patients do not recover and unfortunately pass away. They confirm the severity of this condition as well as the importance of adequate diagnosis and immediate surgical intervention.?? No Eating Disorder In 2016, medical experts published a report of a 17-year-old male with no history of an eating disorder.?? The young man came to the hospital with pain and distension in the abdomen area and a period of retching without vomiting. He had reportedly fasted about 24-hours for religious purposes. Then, he had a binge-like dinner on the night before he ended up in emergency medical treatment the following night. He was described as a “healthy boy” other than the abdominal issues. But he was suffering from acute gastric dilatation with ischemia and necrosis of the stomach wall. Medical intervention was required to remove about five liters of free fluid and undigested food in the abdominal cavity. This episode could have lead to death if the patient had not received a timely medical intervention. The case study authors note that the condition can occur even in those with no diagnosis of an eating disorder.?? These cases are just a few that have been reported in the medical literature. But they are good examples of why binge-eating is dangerous â€" even when just a single episode is involved. They are also important reminders that medical intervention is key for proper management, and in some cases, for survival. Causes and Risk Factors More research is needed to clarify the risks and causes of acute gastric dilatation. A person of any weight may be susceptible to acute massive gastric dilatation. Though there are some factors that may increase your risk of experiencing the condition. As indicated, binge eating puts you at risk. A higher chance of occurrence has been reported for those who currently have or have a history of an eating disorder versus those who don’t have that history. People who binge should be cautious of fasting and binge eating patterns accompanied by abdominal pain. Warning Signs of Acute Massive Gastric Dilatation Key symptoms to watch for include:NauseaVomitingAn inability to vomitBloating/distension in the abdomen areaSudden onset of abdominal pain If you notice any of these symptoms, immediate medical attention and treatment can be critical. If massive gastric dilatation is suspected, surgery may be required to avoid more severe complications including necrosis, perforation, shock, and death. Diagnostic Criteria for Eating Disorders A Word From Verywell Its not uncommon to have occasional episodes where you eat a little more than you had expected. Sometimes, it may lead to slight discomfort. But binge eating â€" an episode where overeating gets out of control â€" is different and can be serious. There can be sudden and severe consequences of bingeing. If you are someone who binges or if you have a loved one who binges, take steps to get help. You may help save a life by knowing about this rare but potentially deadly condition. Fortunately, successful treatments for binge eating disorder are available. Treatments for Binge Eating Disorder

Key Determinants Liquidity In Malaysian Corporate Bond Market Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Corporate bond liquidity seems to be at the center of debate in large developed countries by many scholars, practitioners and authorities as they recognized the importance and the need of liquid bond market and its role in enhancing the markets resilience during the time of financial stress. Due to that, bond market growth often being as an underlying point by those scholars, practitioners and authorities to ensure countries can promise a liquid bond market and help them to become resilient from the financial attack significantly. Even after several initiatives given to boost up the growth of bond market but the lack of bond market liquidity still remains as major obstacle in few countries (Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005). Looking at a small developing country like Malaysia, the growth of the Malaysian bond can be traced back in 1970s, when the government started issuing bonds to meet the massive funding needed to boost up the countrys development. It is a crystal clear of how in 1980s, a corporate sector was heavily reliant on finance from banks as main source of funding. However, a great financial crisis in 1997 has given a major lesson not to really relying with only one source. Thus, it has led to an aggressive intention given to Malaysian bond market when corporate sector is now giving an aggressive initiative in increasing the Malaysian bond issuance as another source of funding. In a mean time, initiatives from the authorities also help the continuation of grow for Malaysian bond market. The initiative can be deeply felt when Securities Commission was established in March 1993 that act as a single regulatory body to promote the development of capital market. Prior to the establishment of S ecurities Commission, a set of guidelines for private debt securities also introduced. Other authorities introduced are known as the Rating Agency Malaysia Berhad (RAM) and Malaysian Rating Corporation Berhad (MARC) in 1990 and 1995 respectively that mainly aim at providing independent opinions for potential risk of debt issuers. In addition, the establishment of Bond Dealers Association in 1996 to promote bond market has shown another initiative taken to enhance the development of Malaysian bond market. In 1997, the introduction of Bond Information and Dissemination System (BIDS) that replaced to Electronic Trading Platform (ETP) has mainly functions to facilitate efficient trading and promote transparency of information related to domestic debt securities. Those establishments are fundamentally aimed at helping the development and liquidity of Malaysian bond market. Reviewing back at those establishments and initiatives, there is no surprise to see a tremendous growth of bon d market in Malaysia but a lack of market liquidity (Shimizu, 2008) still continuously being at top of the topic interest. Therefore, for that reason, there are purposes of aggressively highlighting this issue to promote sufficient liquidity in bond market and help one country to be resilient from financial attack. Briefly, corporate bond liquidity often measured by volume of trading, trade frequency and turnover ratio (Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull 2005, Bao 2009 and Mahanti et. al 2008). Samples of few other studies indicate that corporate bond liquidity had mainly connected with the spread of bid-ask. As emphasized by Chan et al, 2007, they have measured liquidity using volume of corporate bond traded and bid ask spread and briefly, they suggested that the higher the volume of trading and the spread of bid ask, the liquid the bond will be. Therefore for the purpose of this study, it intends to look on the determinants that might possibly affect the liquidity of bond market as it will draw upon the result of this analysis to find ways to improve liquidity and in mean time open up gate for government to set up actions and recommendation to ensure that the liquidity market can be achieved. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Though, massive initiatives generated by the Malaysian government with several rules regulated, studies of corporate bond liquidity often centered in US market and other developed countries only (Chan et al, 2007). This phenomenon is seen as rare to be extensionally studied in small developing countries like Malaysia. Therefore, this study seeks to fill the gap of previous unexploited data and limitation and yet it aims to transfer our focus to thoroughly understand and examine the pattern of corporate bond liquidity in Malaysia and mean while investigate key determinants that might be possibly affect the liquidity of our corporate bond issuance. In a mean time, despite intensive initiatives given by government in promoting an infinite development of bond market, low liquidity in Malaysian bond market still be a serious problem and must be improved (Shimizu, 2008). He added that under the active easing of regulation, bond market have been growing continuously but surprised to se e that the liquidity level is low. His argument has supported by the facts as shown below. Chart 1: Trading volume for Malaysian corporate bond. Source: (Asian Bond Online, 2010) If zoom in at one of the said measurements of corporate bond liquidity which is trading volume, it is clear (chart 1) where trading volume for corporate bond has shown a steady declining pattern since last June 2004 until December 2009. Closely zoom at the graph will show us that Malaysian corporate bond reached USD14.93 billion of trading volume in June 2004 but later it has experienced a steady drop to USD3.26 billion of trading volume in March 2009. Only a few months later it has recorded slight increase in trading by USD 4.33 billion in last December (Asian Bond Online, 2010). As Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005 and Chan et al, 2007 suggested that trading volume of corporate bond issuing plays a positive correlation in determining the liquidity of corporate bond; obviously based on the st atistic given, it could safely write down here that our corporate bond market is getting illiquid. Perhaps, there may be some arguments and factors could be placed in to describe this situation of less volume of trading corporate bond traded in Malaysian bond market which this can be thoroughly studied. Chart 2: Bid Ask spread for Malaysian corporate bond. Source: (Asian Bond Online, 2010) As explained at the previous, bid Ask spread is said as another measure used to estimate the liquidity of corporate bond and it is suggested that if the spread of bid ask is getting larger, it shows that the liquidity is going to be higher (Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005). Based on the chart (chart 2), it is a crystal clear that the liquidity of corporate bond is getting illiquid starting from 2004 to 2009. A study by Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005, indicates that lack of liquidity has made investors reluctant to trade bonds actively, with a large number of market players pre fers holding government bonds to maturity instead of buying and selling it out actively. Therefore, this could be another point to develop a study to see factors that could possibly affect the liquidity of Malaysian corporate bond issuance. Despite proposing current trend of trading volume and bid ask spread of Malaysian corporate bond, many several important points could be noted down to explain why Malaysian bond market is important to be studied. There are several interesting points could be highlighted as described by Chan et al, 2007. First, though Malaysian bond market is said as small but it diverse with the capitalization of the ringgit corporate bond market was only $60 billion at end of 2006. Chan et al, 2007 added that often one bond market will be more liquid with the help of its sophisticated infrastructure and how fast is the growth and development on that market. In terms of the heterogeneity of instruments and sophisticated instruments, Malaysia seems to be at top compare with other small developing countries and some of the develop countries. This makes Malaysia as a significant test case to examine whether those play significant roles in determining the liquidity of Malaysian bond market by studying its key determinants. Next, two corporate bond market exists in Malaysia; Islamic and conventional instrument. Liquidity tends to concentrate in certain instruments and therefore such market fragmentation can have a detrimental impact on liquidity. At the same time, the growth of the Islamic bond market has the potential to increase the diversity of the investor base and thereby boost trading activity (Chan et al, 2007) and it is unclear which development will dominate. Due to that, it is relevant to understand the liquidity of corporate bond market specifically aim at Malaysia bond market. Therefore, this study is interested in to find out as to whether the shopisticated instruments and massive initiatives generated by Malaysian gover nment determine the liquidity of corporate bond and mean time investigate several key determinants that could possibly affect the liquidity of corporate bond in Malaysia. 1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 1.2.1 To examine factors that could possibly affect the liquidity of corporate bond in Malaysia 1.2.2 To determine the key determinants of corporate bond liquidity in Malaysia. 1.2.3 To explore the reasons of limited use of corporate bond in Malaysia. RESEARCH QUESTIONS This research is conducted with the aim to answer the research questions as follows: 1.3.1 What are the factors affect the liquidity of corporate bond in Malaysia? 1.3.2 What are the key determinants of corporate bond liquidity in Malaysia? 1.3.3 What are the reasons of the limited used of corporate bond in Malaysia? SCOPE OF STUDY This study attempts to analyze factors that determine the liquidity in corporate bond in Malaysia. This study intends to use the last five years period which starts from 2005 to 2009 to figure out factors which could possibly affect the liquidity of corporate bond in Malaysia for the said period. Basically, this study will center its focus only for these recent years as it is seen as could possibly help to understand better if macroeconomic event says global mortgage crisis in 2008 plays its impact in disturbing the liquidity of corporate bond specifically at Malaysian market. Four variables will be employed to conduct to study namely corporate bond liquidity, issuance size, risk and stock market performance. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY By carrying out this study, it is hoped that the researcher could come to understand what factors could possibly affect the liquidity of corporate bond in Malaysia and how it affect the liquidity of this corporate bond. This paper also hopes to thoroughly study the trend of corporate bond liquidity in these recent five years. These anticipated findings could help the relevant bodies specifically to corporations and authorities to further understand the key determinants that could give an impact to the corporate bond liquidity as it important to be revealed for the purpose of setting up initiatives to ensure that the development and liquidity of corporate bond in Malaysia is always in line. The paper also considers what policy actions the government and central bank can take to ensure that these key determinants are achieved, providing recommendations for the authorities role in creating an environment which best facilitates a liquid in bond market. It is seem to be significan t to corporations as they are the main players that can generate liquidity in bond market with their active trade. At the same time, from that understanding they could take appropriate measures in encouraging more trading in debt securities as it has proved as another source of funding which helps many countries to be resilience during the time of financial stress. (Corporations) The other minor benefits could potentially exist is from the literatures and secondary data gathered by this study could also help the related parties specifically future researchers as source of information and reference relating to the issue studied. CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE Since last couple of decades, corporate bond is seen as an alternative source of financing and even in Malaysia; corporate bond financing has become as important as bank lending (Shimizu, 2008). Fundamentally, corporate bond can be interchangeably known as private debt securities (PDB) and initially are issued by private and public corporations that mainly aim at raising funds for multiple types of purposes (Mahanti et.al, 2008). Even in Malaysia, corporations have turned their attention towards the bond market as a viable alternative to bank borrowings and the equity market for the reason of business expansion and financial stability for the country significantly. This is where corporate bond market registered an annual growth of 8% since year 2000 and has reached the size of RM 209.7 billion as at early July 2007 (Bond Hub, 2010). As discussed earlier, despite experiencing tremendous efforts that has been put in by government to ensure infinite growth in bond market, bond mark et liquidity still being at the center of focus. This has been proved by a great deal of literature on why bond market liquidity is important and on the various determinants of liquidity (Mahanti et.al, 2008 and Shimizu, 2008). Basically, bond liquidity is said as subjective according to how we measure the liquidity level of it (Houweling et. al, 2005). The definition of liquidity is depending on what measure every different people use on it as added by them. One common measure that often will be used to indicate the level of bond liquidity is bid ask spread. This is shown when Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005 have used bid ask spread to identifies and analyzes the key of liquidity in the Thai bond market. As what have been quoted by Edward et.al, 2007 as cited by Bao et. Al, 2009.. .. A simple measure of corporate bond liquidity is the effective bid-ask spread and the bid ask spread is seen as direct and an important indicator of bond liquidity.. Despite using the bi d ask spread, trading volume also has widely used by researchers. According to Chan et al, 2007, trading volume is suggested as closely related to depth of the market. In addition, as what concluded by Committee on the Global Financial System as excerpted by Chan et al, 2007.. ..Liquidity has at least three dimensions; tightness, depth and resiliency. Tightness refers to trading cost, specifically how far transaction prices diverge from the mid market price. While depth refers to the volume of trades and resiliency refers to the speed.. As suggested by Chako Mahanti 2005, trading volume and bid ask spread are known as conventional measure of liquidity and have been widely used by many practitioners. They then suggested a new measure of bond liquidity which does not use transactional information; instead it uses information about the ownership of securities to measure the accessibility of security by a security dealer. This is called as latent liquidity. In other review, it is said that bond market liquidity may be reduced due to the lack of new bonds issued or in other words a lack of trading volume (Nielsan et. al, 2009). This is why some countries have required minimums for issuing bond because there are corporations which prefer to generate income through sources outside the bond market due to this lack as concluded by them. After several reviews has been made, variety of factors identified as determinants of bond liquidity. In a paper completed by Mahanti et.al 2008, they have investigated bond liquidity by connecting it with credit rating, issue size, age, original maturity value at issue date and optionally such callability, putability or convertibility. As a result, they found that all have a strong impact on bond liquidity. Similarly, Chan et al, 2007 suggested that liquidity is commonly perceived to be positively correlated with the size of bond. The rational is that the supply potentially available for trading is greater for larger issues. In addition, a negative correlation is reported between liquidity and the riskiness of bond. This risk is known as a liquidity risk which can be proxied by using maturity and the credit quality of a bond can be captured using agencies of credit rating (Chan et. al, 2007). They do suggested market condition as one of the determinants that plays a role in determining bond liquidity. As again quoted by Chan et. al, 2007, they suggested that macroeconomic or financial conditions might lead to reduce their risk exposure, hence resulting in a deterioration in market liquidity. In their paper, they have taken stock index as determinant using daily indices. In addition to the above point, as what have been quoted by Bario (2000) as cited Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005.. ..Macroeconomic factors may also play a role in determining market liquidity. However, points out that the factors determining liquidity or the degree significant can differ substantially during of market stres s.. CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODLOGY Research Design The study is relying on the secondary data and will be conducted by utilizing models and theories which adopted from previous studies. First, to examine the level of corporate bond liquidity, a standard approach will be employed. This model which is known as basic least square equation is adopted from a study done by Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005. Briefly, this model indicates that the liquidity is measured by utilizing daily bid ask spread, trading volume and yield volatility for corporate bond. An equation is shown as below: (Adopted from Panyanukul and Chabchitrchaidol, 2005) Once desired data are completely gathered and computed, it will then be analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) program. SPSS were chosen since it contains the tool for performing statistical analyses and provide comprehensive method for describing and tabulating on data for hypothesis testing and for multiple regression and correlation. Theoretical Framework Issuance size Risk Corporate Bond Liquidity Kuala Lumpur Composite Index Independent Variables Dependent Variable Variable Proxy Corporate bond liquidity Trading volume, Bid ask spread Yield Volatility (Adapted from Chan et al, 2007, Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005 by Bao et. A, 2009) Issuance size Size of bond issued (Adapted from Mahanti et.al 2008 and Chan et. al, 2007) Risk Credit rating (Adapted from Chan et. al, 2007) Kuala Lumpur composite index FKLI (Adapted from Chan et. al, 2007) 3.3 Data Collection Method Secondary Data This study will be much relying on the internal and external secondary data. As most of the data needed are published in the data based, it is hoped that it can help the researcher to run the analysis to answer those research questions. Initially, the internal data will be gathered from several medium identified namely Electronic Trading Platforms (ETP) which formerly known as Bond Information and dissemination System (BIDS), Bursa Malaysia, Asian Bond Online and other related data based. The data will be employed is a weekly observation data on bid ask spread , trading volume , FBM KLCI, size of bond issued and other related data. Briefly, the data based provides researcher with some desired data related to bond trading. Once data collection process is done and computation is done by employing previous applied measure, it will be analyzed using regression to see the significant correlation that could potentially exist between variables as described earlier. An external secondary data will be retrieved from articles, journal, reports, newspaper and other possible sources.